Improving the initialisation of the Met Office operational shelf-seas model

In this paper, we describe the first use of altimeter and in situ profile observations to improve the initialisation of an operational shelf-seas forecasting system. FOAM-Shelf v9 is a 7 km horizontal resolution ocean model covering the European North-West Shelf (NWS) seas. We have adapted our assimilation scheme in this system to account for spatially- and temporally-varying vertical coordinates. Throughout the domain, there is now assimilation of in situ profile measurements of temperature and salinity and satellite and in situ sea surface temperature observations. Additionally, in deep water regions (>700 m) southward of 60°N, the system assimilates newly-available altimeter observations tailored for use in coastal models. With this new system, gross biases are significantly reduced, the sub-surface root-mean-square (RMS) temperature and salinity errors are reduced by >25%, and there is an increase in the number of eddying structures providing a better qualitative match to observation-derived surface current products.