Immune response characteristics following emergency vaccination of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease

Pigs were vaccinated with the emergency inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine-water-in-oil-in-water emulsion with Montanide ISA206-known to protect after 3-5 days. Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) sub-populations did not differ between vaccinates and controls post-vaccination. There was neither lymphopenia nor inflammatory reaction. FMDV-specific antibody and T lymphocyte activity developed in the vaccinates. Virus-induced Th1-like cytokine protein and mRNA (IFNγ and IL-2) were identified, particularly IFNγ. Th2-like cytokine protein and mRNA (IL-4 and IL-6) were also induced in an FMDV-specific manner. IL-10 was induced by both virus and mock antigen. The current emergency FMDV vaccine induces a diverse immune defence network-innate, and both Th1-like and Th2-like responses-without adverse reactions such as lymphopenia or inflammatory responses.