Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
9004909 | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | 2005 | 6 Pages |
Abstract
The importance of antioxidants in maintaining homeostasis has long been accepted and includes antioxidant proteins such as, peroxiredoxin (Prx), superoxide dismutase and glutathione S transferases. Sulfiredoxin (Srx) is a recently identified antioxidant protein with a role in signaling through catalytic reduction of oxidative modifications. It was first characterized for its regulation of Prx(s) through reduction of the conserved cysteine from sulfinic to sulfenic acid, thereby impacting the role of Prx in regulation of downstream transcription factors and kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, the reduction of sulfinic to sulfenic acid prevents further oxidation of the conserved cysteine residue to sulfonic acid, the end result of which is degradation. Srx also has a role in the reduction of glutathionylation a post-translational, oxidative modification that occurs on numerous proteins and has been implicated in a wide variety of pathologies, including Parkinson's disease. The regulation of glutathionylation/deglutathionylation (or thiol switch) has been likened to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, another post-translational modification involved in the regulation of signaling pathways. Unlike, the reduction of Prx over-oxidation, Srx-dependent deglutathionylation appears to be non-specific. Deglutathionylation of multiple proteins has been observed both in vitro and in vivo in response to oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. This review discusses Srx as a novel antioxidant, and focuses on its potential role in the regulation of glutathionylation/deglutathionylation pathways, that have been implicated in a growing number of disease states.
Keywords
TrxMPTPRNSGSSGPDIGSTGSHFRDA1-methyl-4-phenylpyridiniumPRXGRxPTP1BJnkSrxOSRIDPmNADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinec-Jun N-terminal kinaseMPP+ROSSNpcHydrogen peroxideALSParkinson’s diseasethioredoxin reductaseOxidative stresssubstantia nigra pars compactathioredoxinSODSulfiredoxinSuperoxide dismutaseendoplasmic reticulumH2O2Oxidative stress responseProtein tyrosine phosphatase 1Bprotein disulfide isomerasePeroxiredoxinGlutathioneglutathione S-transferaseglutathione disulfideGlutathionylationGlutaredoxinreactive nitrogen speciesReactive oxygen/nitrogen speciesReactive oxygen species
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Authors
Victoria J. Findlay, Haim Tapiero, Danyelle M. Townsend,