Update on improving the bio-implant interface by controlling cell behaviour using surface topography

The topography of surfaces contacting cells profoundly influences their behaviour. Precisely controlled topographies can be produced by microfabrication methods and uniform surface chemistry can be obtained by coating methods. Topographic effects on some key processes in implant integration are reviewed including cell orientation, cell shape, cytoskeletion, migration, in vivo and in vitro behaviour, and tissue organization by cytomechanical action. Macrophages' reactions to topography provide new insights into the success of rough implant surfaces. The potential of microfabricated structures to control cell behaviour has barely been tapped and there are many opportunities for using substratum topographic control of cell behaviour in applications ranging from implanted devices to cell culture production services.