The pancreas

Although only the same weight as an apple, the pancreas fulfils endocrine and exocrine functions, and co-ordinates metabolism throughout the body. For example, insulin, perhaps the best-known pancreatic hormone, not only influences glucose metabolism, but also helps to regulate protein and fat metabolism (thus explaining why diabetes is more than just a disease of sugar). The secretion of pancreatic hormones is highly co-ordinated to exert a concerted effect on the metabolism of a range of organs, from adipose tissue to muscle. This article looks at the physiology of each of the hormones and enzymes released by the pancreas, the factors influencing their secretion, and how their secretion is co-ordinated.