Recent advances in the treatment of opiate addiction

Advances in the modern treatment of opiate addiction are the result of an evolutionary process often attributed to the introduction of methadone maintenance in the 1960s. The underpinnings and the forces that shaped these advances, however, date back to the rise of the prohibition movement at the turn of the century, which culminated in passage of the Harrison Narcotic Act, signaling a major shift in US social attitudes towards heroin addicts and their addiction. Subsequent US social and political attitudes have shaped the course of treatment practices in parallel with scientific advances and pharmacological developments, from the establishment of methadone treatment in specialized narcotics treatment clinics to the introduction of buprenorphine and the concomitant legislative mandate that made it available to general physicians, reflecting again the current societal attitude. While pharmacological progress may appear to be related to scientific advancement, the major driving force behind the direction of treatment development and its implementation into the treatment community is deeply ingrained in the concurrent evolution of societal attitudes and political policies. Moreover, the undisputed US dominance in science and politics lends global impetus to these developments.