Ptosis

Several causes and several mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of ptosis. Central ptosis are probably underestimated. The origin is often mesencephalic; the nuclear pedoncular origin (III nerve nucleus) or Weber syndrome is well known. Peripheral ptosis depends from III nerve lesions, among which painful ptosis (in particular ischemic diabetic ptosis) are typical. Myopathic ptosis are either ocular mitochondriopathy, or ptosis associated with laryngopharyngeal paralysis (older people, autosomal dominant inheritance) or myasthenic ptosis. Horner's syndrome characterizes sympathetic ptosis. Congenital ptosis are either isolated or associated with multiple malformative syndromes.