Groupes sanguins érythrocytaires

Red-cell blood groups can be defined as genetically transmitted allotypic variations that may be detected by specific antibodies on red cell surface. Most antigens can be classified in systems according to defined genetic criteria. Antigens that have not been sufficiently characterized are included in groups called collections or series. Although our understanding about the physiological functions of the molecules defining blood groups has improved, it remains much to be learned concerning the exact role of these factors on the erythrocyte and biological implications of polymorphism. Due to the immunogenic nature of their polymorphism, these systems produce conflicts in case of transfusion, pregnancy, and, sometimes, transplantation. These antigens can also be the targets of auto-antibodies causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Guidelines for transfusion compatibility and immuno-hematological follow-up during pregnancy are also based on the analysis of these antigens and antibodies. The purpose of this article is to describe the antigens, coding genes, and recognized antibodies involved in blood grouping. Each case will include an assessment of the implications for human disease and transfusion medicine. Whenever possible, functional aspects will be analyzed.