Balamuthia mandrillaris stimulates interleukin-6 release in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway

Balamuthia mandrillaris is an emerging protozoan parasite that can cause fatal granulomatous encephalitis. Haematogenous spread is a likely route prior to entry into the central nervous system (CNS), but it is not clear how circulating amoebae cross the blood-brain barrier. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier, we determined HBMEC inflammatory response to B. mandrillaris and the underlying mechanisms associated with this response. We demonstrated that HBMEC incubated with B. mandrillaris released significantly higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (>400 pg/ml) as compared with less than 50 pg/ml in HBMEC incubated alone. Western blotting assays determined that B. mandrillaris specifically activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). By using LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, as well as by using HBMEC expressing dominant-negative PI3K, we have identified PI3K as an important mediator of B. mandrillaris-mediated IL-6 release. We conclude that B. mandrillaris induces HBMEC signalling pathways, which lead to IL-6 release. This is the first time PI3K has been shown to play a crucial role in B. mandrillaris-mediated IL-6 release in HBMEC.