Reprint of ‘Development, maturation and learning influence on handwriting kinematics’

•Kinematic parameters are useful to study writing development.•Writing strategy improves till the 3rd S, as evidenced by number of letters/cm.•The motor automation, measured by number of strokes/letter, increases with schooling.•Improvement of motor planning, measured by mean time in air and on paper, is observed.•The stroke horizontal and curvilinear velocities increase with schooling.

Handwriting is the result of a process in which linguistic, psychomotor and biomechanical factors interact with physical maturation, cognitive development and learning. Digital tablets, which record the writing in real time, allow a kinematic analysis of written trace: the implemented algorithms analyze parameters as length, duration and speed of the components (trace between two pen-lifts) and strokes (trace between two minima of curvilinear velocity). The purpose of this work is to fill, at least for Italy, the lack of normative data on typical handwriting processes. This cross-sectional study will present data on 218 right-handed and Italian mother-tongue students, attending classes from 2nd to 8th grade. They performed specific tasks (tests of writing speed; transcription of a sentence accurately vs. speedily) by a digital tablet. The analysis showed many changes of the considered parameters across the classes, as in the horizontal, curvilinear mean and peak velocities of components and strokes, with higher values in the last years of schooling and a parallel decrease in the number of strokes/letter (improvement of automation). In conclusion, some of these parameters are useful for studying development and learning of writing and their values can be used as references to evaluate samples with different characteristics.