Pain and Anxiety during Interventional Radiologic Procedures: Effect of Patients' State Anxiety at Baseline and Modulation by Nonpharmacologic Analgesia Adjuncts

Patients' state anxiety level is a predictor of trends in procedural pain and anxiety, need for medication, and procedure duration. Low and high state anxiety groups profit from the use of nonpharmacologic analgesia adjuncts but those with high state anxiety levels have the most to gain.