A conceptual model for block-and-ash flow basal avalanche transport and deposition, based on deposit architecture of 1998 and 1994 Merapi flows

One implication of this model is that each kinetic wave or flow-pulse crest developed within the basal avalanche represents a portion of greater flow depth (or stage height). Hence, development of these crests control the ability of parts of the basal avalanche to escape from confined channels and generate unexpected hazards.