Chlorine dioxide in seawater for fouling control and post-disinfection in potable waterworks

Chlorine dioxide has proved to be an efficient antifouling agent used 1 h/da maintaining residual of ClO2 in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 mg/L during the dosing shots or 10-12 h/da without any residual at several power station and petrochemical plant in Mediterranean sea, which use seawater both in condenser and evaporators to produce demineralised water. Beside a description of chlorine dioxide chemistry, the article reports 4 power station dosage programmes (one using also river water cooling tower during the summer) and 1 petrochemical plant application. Three different technologies for on site generation of chlorine dioxide have been reported. A full case history selected among the 4 power station is also reported.