Gender differences in compensation and earnings management: Evidence from Australian CFOs

•There is a significant gender pay gap in Australian CFO compensation•The CFO gender pay gap dissipates in a propensity matching score setting•Female CFOs choose less risky pay packages with more cash and less non-cash component•Female CFOs engage less in accruals and real earning management compared to male CFOs

We investigate the impact of CFO gender on CFO compensation and earnings management in Australia. In a sample of exchange-listed firms from 2006 to 2010, we find a significant gender pay gap in CFO compensation but much of this pay gap dissipates when female CFOs are matched using a propensity scoring method. Female CFOs tend to choose less risky remuneration packages with more cash and less non-cash component, with more salary and less bonus than their male peers. In addition, female CFOs are more conservative and deliver higher reporting quality compared to male CFOs. They engage substantially less in both accruals-based and real-based earnings management than their male counterparts. The difference in behavior of earnings management and in the selected compensation structures between male and female CFOs can be possibly explained by the gender-based difference in personal risk preference.