Atomic force microscopy study on crystal growth of Cu2+-doped L-arginine phosphate monohydrate crystals

Sub-steps and defects of the {1 0 0} planes of Cu2+-doped L-arginine phosphate monohydrate (LAP) crystals are observed by atomic force microscopy. Formation of sub-steps is not due to the stacking faults but a result of single LAP: Cu2+ molecule acting as growth unit. Two-dimensional (2D) nuclei with the same height as sub-steps occur on the step-edges. Impurities of Cu2+ ions cause steps bunch and macrosteps formation. Liquid inclusions in the form of long channels form when the macrosteps lose their stability. Numerous small 3D growth hillocks are found in the channels. The extra stress induced by the 3D islands can result in dislocations and steps mismatches.