KR-32570, a novel Na+Â /Â H+ exchanger-1 inhibitor, attenuates hypoxia-induced cell death through inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial death pathway in H9c2 cells

A novel Na+ / H+ exchanger-1 (NHE-1) inhibitor [5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl]guanidine (KR-32570) has been previously demonstrated to elicit cardioprotective effect against ischemic injury in rat heart. In the present study, we examined the effects of KR-32570 on cell death induced by hypoxic insult in heart-derived H9c2 cells. Treatment with KR-32570 (1-10 μM) significantly reduced hypoxia-induced necrotic cell death (lactate dehydrogenase release) and apoptotic cell death (TUNEL-positivity, caspase-3 activity). KR-32570 also decreased the cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload induced by hypoxia. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload by ruthenium red mimicked the anti-apoptotic effect of KR-32570. In addition, KR-32570 significantly recovered the large reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and cytochrome c release induced by hypoxia. Taken together, our results suggest that a new NHE-1 inhibitor KR-32570 elicits potent cardioprotective effects in H9c2 cells, and its effects may be mediated by inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial death pathway during hypoxia.