Protocatechuic aldehyde suppresses TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

A gel shift assay further showed that protocatechuic aldehyde inhibited the TNF-α-activated NF-κB and AP-1 DNA binding activities in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results indicate that protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits TNF-α-stimulated VCAM-1 and ICAM-1expression in HUVECs through a mechanism that involves NF-κB and AP-1.