Soil and clay stabilization with calcium- and non-calcium-based additives: A state-of-the-art review of challenges, approaches and techniques

Soil stabilization is a technique to improve the engineering and geotechnical properties of soils such as mechanical strength, permeability, compressibility, durability and plasticity. Much has been learned about soil stabilization techniques and additives over the past century. The state of the practice in stabilization techniques and challenges is presented with a discussion. Moreover, available studies regarding the effects of various types of stabilizing agents on the engineering and geotechnical properties of stabilized soils are reviewed here. These stabilizing agents include both calcium-based and non-calcium-based additives. Eco-friendly additives as alternative materials to conventional stabilizing agents are also discussed in this paper. In addition, the problems associated with the presence of disruptive salts and sulfate as well as the techniques to overcome these problems in soil stabilization projects are reviewed.