A comparison of route-choice navigation across air pollution exposure, CO2 emission and traditional travel cost factors

Route choice based on shortest time, distance or CO2 were all based on inter-related factors and similar routes for these three objective functions were found. Route choice based on air pollution dose was related to the length of time taken and the degree of congestion, but also to many other factors which impacted on the dispersion of emissions but not necessarily on the emission rate or quantity themselves. Therefore the optimum route choices for least dose were significantly different to the other cost factors.