Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
9954779 | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | 2018 | 23 Pages |
Abstract
Chronic exposure of glucose rich environment creates several physiological and pathophysiological changes. There are several pathways by which hyperglycemia exacerbate its toxic effect on cells, tissues and organ systems. Hyperglycemia can induce oxidative stress, upsurge polyol pathway, activate protein kinase C (PKC), enhance hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), promote the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and finally alters gene expressions. Prolonged hyperglycemic condition leads to severe diabetic condition by damaging the pancreatic β-cell and inducing insulin resistance. Numerous complications have been associated with diabetes, thus it has become a major health issue in the 21st century and has received serious attention. Dysregulation in the cardiovascular and reproductive systems along with nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot ulcer may arise in the advanced stages of diabetes. High glucose level also encourages proliferation of cancer cells, development of osteoarthritis and potentiates a suitable environment for infections. This review culminates how elevated glucose level carries out its toxicity in cells, metabolic distortion along with organ dysfunction and elucidates the complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia.
Keywords
UPRAGEseNOSIRSSIRTNF αTXNIPLHPIGF-1GBMGDNFUCPHBPPKCRAGESGLTHNEPARPHIFGLUTPDGFDFUNox2VCAMIL-6TGF- βMmpsNAFLDMDAICAMDCMNEFAFOXO1SDF-1CTGF4-HydroxynonealMCP-1PDX-1MAPKROSMyocardial infarctionReproductive dysfunctionOrgan dysfunctioninsulin receptor substrateInsulin like growth factor-1NADPH oxidaseinterleukin-6coronary artery diseaseDiabetestransforming growth factor- βForkhead box O1RETdiacyl glycerolDAGDiabetic foot ulcerCancerGlucose toxicityendothelial nitric oxide synthaseCADTumor Necrosis Factor- αInfectionglomerular basement membranestromal cell-derived factor-1Hypoxia-inducible factorVascular endothelial growth factorVascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)Connective tissue growth factorplatelet derived growth factorGlial cell line derived neurotrophic factormatrix-metalloproteinasemalonaldehydeadvanced glycation end-productshexosamine biosynthetic pathwayMgOintercellular adhesion moleculevascular cell adhesion moleculestandardized incidence ratioHyperglycemialipid hydroperoxidesUnfolded protein responsethioredoxin-interacting proteinUncoupling proteinProtein kinase Cmitogen activated protein kinasepoly-ADP-ribose polymeraseNon-alcoholic fatty liverReactive oxygen speciesReceptor for advanced glycation end-productsReceptor Tyrosine Kinase
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Authors
Biplab Giri, Sananda Dey, Tanaya Das, Mrinmoy Sarkar, Jhimli Banerjee, Sandeep Kumar Dash,