A European perspective on country moderation effects: Environmental management systems and sustainability-related human resource benefits

Based on a large European dataset of the manufacturing sector, this paper analyses to what degree country-related interaction effects moderate the association of sustainability-related benefits to human resource management and the adoption of environmental management. Focusing on employee satisfaction, it confirms a positive association of the level of employee satisfaction benefits with environmental management system implementation thereby providing cross-national evidence for the frequent argument, that the degree to which environmental management system implementation is associated with human resource related benefits is partly moderated by country level factors related to national culture and regulation.