Commentary: Why and how can Multinational Enterprises be value-creating organizations?

Rugman made the valid point that Multinational Enterprises are value-creating organizations but in this piece I question his explanation of why this is the case. I argue that it is not, as Rugman proposed, because MNEs are better at safeguarding their firm-specific advantages (FSAs) but because having them hold the equity is sometimes the most efficient way to bundle assets. I present a more general model of internalization that shows why MNEs can be the most efficient way to both exploit and acquire FSAs, why a firm does not need to have FSAs to become an MNE, and why internalization is not a question of setting up internal markets but consists instead in the replacement of output by behavior constraints.