Repeated transfer enriches highly active electrotrophic microbial consortia on biocathodes in microbial fuel cells

Cathodic oxygen reduction catalyzed by autotrophic bacteria instead of a precious metal is a promising method to make use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in wastewater treatment with electricity production. However, the ecology of electrotrophic microbial consortia in wastewater systems that function as the catalyst for cathodic oxygen reduction is complicated and the electron transfer mechanisms are still unknown, which prevents further improvements of the biocathode performance. Enriched by the repeated transfer of a mature electrotrophic microbial consortia to new cathodes over 10 generations in 230 days, the start-up time was shortened from 21.4 to 7.6 days and the maximum current densities over the potential range of 0.5 to − 0.3 V increased by up to 112%, from 75 ± 5 A m−3 to 159 ± 3 A m−3, which was further confirmed in half-cell biocathode systems. The electrotrophic microbial consortia approached a relatively stable state after 8 generations. Acinetobacter, which is a member of Proteobacteria, was selectively enriched after 10 generations, which was closely related to the current production. Nitrospiraceae and Nitrosomonas may jointly perform a nitrogen cycling metabolic process and promote cathodic bioelectron transfer. Our findings confirmed that the electrotrophic microbial consortia on the cathode was able to be specifically evolved, leading to higher electroactivity, and also revealed which bacteria in fresh water are closely related to cathodic electron transfer.