Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
10148608 | Journal of Neuroimmunology | 2018 | 109 Pages |
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by chronic inflammatory response-induced demyelination of the neurons and degeneration of the axons within the central nervous system (CNS). A complex network of immunopathological-, inflammatory- and oxidative parameters involve in the development and advancement of MS. The anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative characteristics of the ginger and several of its components have been indicated in some of experimental and clinical investigations. The possible therapeutic potentials of ginger and its ingredients in the treatment of MS may exert mainly through the regulation of the Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, Th22- and Treg cell-related immune responses, down-regulation of the B cell-related immune responses, modulation of the macrophages-related responses, modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of the arachidonic acid-derived mediators, interfering with the toll like receptor-related signaling pathways, suppression of the inflammasomes, down-regulation of the oxidative stress, reduction of the adhesion molecules expression, and down-regulation of the expression of the chemokines and chemokine receptors. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of ginger and its components, and highlight novel insights into the possible therapeutic potentials of this plant for treatment of MS. The review encourages more investigations to consider the therapeutic potentials of ginger and its effective components for managing of MS.
Keywords
CREBNF-κBMMPLPSCOXFOXP3JnkCCRConcanavalin AMLRMYD88CATGATA-3CISASCAPCsNrf2GSHGSTGPXHO-1DAMPERKPRMSiNOSOVARNSNEMOHsphs-CRPEAENGFGDNFAP-1cPLA2PAMPDCsLTSIKKHMGB1GM-CSFMCP1Heme oxygenase-1CCLRAGERRMsTrxICAMCXCLTABVCAM-1NOX4NLRP3PRRsEBI3NQO1PGSIRFTAK1MLCCXCRTRAFRORγtIPEXNIKPPMSSPMSLRRC-X-C chemokine receptorOCBsNitric oxidMMCsFDAMDATGF-βNLR family pyrin domain containing 3TAK1-binding proteinToll/interleukin-1 receptor domainTGF-β activated kinase 1BDNFc-Jun N-terminal kinaseIκB kinaseMAPKNADPH oxidase 4ROSTLRsTRIFSTATantigen-presenting cellscyclooxygenaseexperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisdamage-associated molecular patternspathogen-associated molecular patternsOvalbuminLOXimmunoglobulin interferonIFNTIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-βinterleukinCon ABAFFBALFtransforming growth factor-βregulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secretedtumor necrosis factor-αLeucine-rich repeatsT-betTIRthioredoxinforkhead box P3CNSRIPKGingerCAMFood and Drug AdministrationSODBBBDendritic cellsTreg cellsRegulatory T cellsinducible nitric oxide synthaseSuperoxide dismutasecentral nervous systemcomplementary and alternative medicinemyeloid differentiation factor 88Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorTNF receptor associated factorIRAKinterferon regulatory factorsGranulocyte-colony stimulating factornerve growth factorG-CSFBrain-derived neurotrophic factorglial cell-derived neurotrophic factorTNF-αMixed lymphocyte culturecytosolic phospholipase A2Leukotrieneschemokine (C-C motif) ligandlipopolysaccharideLipooxygenasechemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand matrix metalloproteinasemalonaldehydeBlood-brain barrierBronchoalveolar lavage fluidSignal transducer and activator of transcriptionMHCmajor histocompatibility complexNF-κB essential modulatorRANTESsecondary progressive multiple sclerosisprimary progressive multiple sclerosisrelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosisintercellular adhesion moleculevascular cell adhesion moleculeHAMPmixed lymphocyte reactionmonocyte chemoattractant protein 1cAMP response element binding proteinactivator protein 1high sensitivity C-reactive proteinmitogen-activated protein kinaseGATA binding protein 3Heat shock proteinsProstaglandinsCatalaseHigh mobility group box 1extracellular signal-regulated kinaseInterleukin-1 receptor-associated kinaseOligoclonal bandsGlutathioneglutathione S-transferaseglutathione reductaseglutathione peroxidasereactive nitrogen speciesReactive oxygen speciesReceptor for advanced glycation end productspathogen recognition receptorsToll-like receptorsCC chemokine receptor
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Authors
Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati,