Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
10156998 | Seminars in Cancer Biology | 2018 | 11 Pages |
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the importance of tumor - immune cell interactions to the evolution and therapy responses of breast cancer (BC). Not surprisingly, numerous studies are currently assessing the clinical value of immune modulation for BC patients. However, till now durable clinical responses are only rarely observed. It is important to realize that BC is a heterogeneous disease comprising several histological and molecular subtypes, which cannot be expected to be equally immunogenic and therefore not equally sensitive to single immune therapies. Here we review the characteristics of infiltrating leukocytes in healthy and malignant breast tissue, the prognostic and predictive values of immune cell subsets across different BC subtypes and the various existing immune evasive mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe the presence of certain groups of antigens as putative targets for treatment, evaluate the outcomes of current clinical immunotherapy trials, and finally, we propose a strategy to better implement immuno-oncological markers to guide future immune therapies in BC.
Keywords
ECMCAFPI3KTNBCHER2TAAIDCTLSRFSDCISDFSAPCMFSMMTVCCLTregMAP kinase kinaseCXCLPDL1CTLA4MUC1BCSSOCLNMDSCb2mLAG3TNFaTGFbPD1Gamma delta T cellTertiary lymphoid structuresELF5APOBECIDO1indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenaseGBP1GranzymeHERV-KBRCA1/2H&EhTERTROSStat1β-2-microglobulinhuman leucocyte antigenTumor associated antigenAntigensHLAEBVimmunotherapyinterferonIFNIgkDisease free survivalbreast cancer specific survivaloverall survivalTILstable diseaseTransforming Growth Factor BetaTelomerase reverse transcriptasetumor necrosis factor alphaEMTTILScluster of differentiationrelapse-free survivalTriple negative breast cancerBreast cancerRegulatory T cellDendritic cellNatural killer cellmyeloid derived suppressor cellplasma cellantigen presenting cellCMVTAPOccludinphosphatase and tensin homologPhosphoinositol 3-kinasecancer associated fibroblastProgrammed death ligandChemokine ligandExtracellular matrixsignal transducer and activator of transcription 1MEKMHCmajor histocompatibility complexMucin 1Nitric oxideHematoxylin and EosinEpstein-Barr virusMouse mammary tumor virusMeasles virusCytomegalo virusHPVcomplete responseprogrammed cell death protein 1PtenLymphocyte activation gene 3Ductal carcinoma in situInvasive ductal carcinomaReactive oxygen speciesHuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2progesteron receptor
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Authors
D. Hammerl, M. Smid, A.M. Timmermans, S. Sleijfer, J.W.M. Martens, R. Debets,