Karmienie sztuczne niemowlÄ t w XIX i pierwszej połowie XX wieku

Still before the bacteriology era there was consensus that both the milk and water should be boiled so as to improve its tolerance and prevent diarrhea, especially in summertime. Already in 1837 an increased amount of casein was found in cow milk than in breast milk. Upon recognizing differences in the composition of breast milk versus cow milk, feeding infants was becoming a part of medicinal art and was undergoing medical supervision. The views on methods of determining nutritional needs of infants were changing (Heubner's caloric system, Pirquest's nem system). A milestone in nutrition and etiology of diseases were the discoveries of the role of bacteria in the fermentation processes (Pasteur, 1859) and the development of infections (Semmelweis, 1847, Escherich, 1886). Enzymes and vitamins were discovered. In the early 20th century the physiology of the digestive tract was gradually explored. The role of enzymes in digesting proteins, carbohydrates and fats was determined. The body weight measurements of infants were considered the primary measure of the assessment of a child development. As early as in the 1920s the need was indicated for reducing the amount of proteins in feeding infants.