Rozwój i morfologia kliniczna prawidłowego serca płodu i dziecka. Sekwencyjna analiza segmentalna serca z wadÄ wrodzonÄ

Embryogenesis of the cardiovascular system is a complicated and multistage process. The newest and more detailed hypotheses dealing with this topic help to understand the mechanisms of formation and complicated anatomy of congenital defects. Non-specialized populations of embryonic cells, forming the first and second heart fields, and stimulation of the neural crest cells lead to development of primary heart tube. The disturbances of cardiac looping may result in abnormal heart morphology. Nowadays, derangements of cardiac looping, septal formation, development of the great arteries, cardiac vasculature and many other processes are well-known causes of congenital heart defects. Although it is impossible to prevent the abnormal cardiac development, knowledge of early embryonic and fetal morphogenesis may help in interpretation of echocardiography scans and results of other cardiac imaging studies. The most popular diagnostic way and method used for description of the congenitally malformed heart is sequential segmental analysis. It allows to detailed interpretation of observed pathology and precise evaluation of examinations reports.