Culture's influence on leadership efficiency: How personal and national cultures affect leadership style

Personal and national cultures derive from peoples' personal values and pervade the role of effective management leadership and successful firm performances. This paper explores the differences of the two aspects of cultures on effective leadership. Researchers now hold that the Porterian analysis of competitive advantage has become fungible due to the entry of myriad international competitors. Effective leadership style is now the single most important antecedent in maintaining competitive advantage and in supporting firm performances. The researchers collected data on CEOs using Schwartz's framework, in three EU countries. They state hypotheses, test them and derive implications and conclusions.