Effect of temperature and salt on the phase behavior of nonionic and mixed nonionic-ionic microemulsions with fish-tail diagrams

The phase behavior of Brij-56/1-butanol/n-heptane/water is investigated at 30 °C with α [weight fraction of oil in (oil + water)] = 0.5, wherein a 2̲→3→2¯ phase transition occurs with increasing W1 (weight fraction of 1-butanol in total amphiphile) at low X (weight fraction of both the amphiphiles in the mixture) and a 2̲→1→2¯ phase transition occurs at higher X. Addition of an ionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, destroys the three-phase body and decreases the solubilization capacity of the system at different δ (weight fraction of ionic surfactant in total surfactant). A three-phase body appears at α=0.25, but not at α=0.75 for the single system. No three-phase body appears with the mixed system at either α value. Increased temperature increases the solubilization capacity of the Brij-56 system; on the other hand, a negligible effect of temperature on the Brij-56/SDBS mixed system has been observed. Addition of salt (NaCl) produces a three-phase body for both single and mixed systems and increases their solubilization capacities. The monomeric solubility of 1-butanol in oil (S1) and at the interface (S1s) has been calculated using the equation hydrophile-lipophile balance plane for both singles- and mixed-surfactant systems. These parameters have been utilized to explain the increase in solubilization capacity of these systems in the presence of NaCl.