Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

► Personality differences studied with a new philosophy-of-science paradigm featuring a behavioural research framework. ► A non-lexical taxonomic approach applied for comprehensive emic/bottom-up construct generation. ► In 15 test and 2 group situations, 146 contextualised behaviours measured repeatedly. ► This is the first comprehensive study on personality differences in capuchin monkeys. ► Overall no age and sex differences found, but long-term effects of early life experiences.