Characterization sets for the nucleolus in balanced games

We provide a new modus operandi for the computation of the nucleolus in cooperative games with transferable utility. Using the concept of dual game we extend the theory of characterization sets. Dually essential and-if the game is monotonic-dually saturated coalitions determine both the core and the nucleolus whenever the core is non-empty. We show how these two sets are related to the existing characterization sets. In particular we prove that if the grand coalition is vital then the intersection of essential and dually essential coalitions forms a characterization set itself.