TNF-α increases cardiac fibroblast lysyl oxidase expression through TGF-β and PI3Kinase signaling pathways

► Rat cardiac fibroblasts were used to study the regulation of lysyl oxidase by TNF-α. ► High dose TNF-α increased LOX expression, whereas lower doses decreased LOX. ► TNF-α increased LOX expression by activating PI3Kinase/Akt signaling. ► High dose TNF-α activated TGF-β signaling and increased TGF receptor expression.