Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
10815080 | Cellular Signalling | 2014 | 6 Pages |
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are heterogeneous and versatile cells that could undergo their phenotypically/functionally dynamic switch in response to the microenvironment signals. Two major macrophage subpopulations with different functions which represent extreme of a continuum in a universe of activation states, including classically activated/inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated/regenerative (M2) macrophages, have long been recognized. Emerging evidence through genetic or pharmacologic approaches has now been made in defining the actual fate in vivo and in vitro underlying M1 or M2-like polarized activation under physiological and pathological conditions. These cells are characterized by their expression of cell surface markers, secreted cytokines and chemokines, and transcription and epigenetic pathways. Here in this review, we shed new light on the contribution of several major signaling pathways and their modulators/targets involved in directing the macrophage plasticity and polarized function, assess the mechanisms of macrophage polarization by interacting endogenous cellular mechanisms and molecules associated with reciprocal skewing of macrophage polarization between the M1 and M2 states. The identification of mechanisms underlying functional polarization of macrophages into M1 or M2 cells might provide new insights into a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for multiple diseases.
Keywords
SOCSPPARAP-1TLRAT1GM-CSFAMPKCCR2BMDMNICDMLK3KCSIRFM-CSFHMDMJNKsTAMsARG-1NAFLDmacrophage CSFHFDPI3KLPSiNOSMIRPBMCACEAMP-activated protein kinaseC/EBPc-Jun N-terminal kinasesMAPKsSTATAngiotensin-converting enzymeNonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseToll-like receptorNotch intracellular domainATMshigh-fat dietmicroRNAssuppressor of cytokine signalingKupffer cellsinducible nitric oxide synthasePhenotypic switchConditioned mediuminterferon regulatory factorgranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorphosphatidylinositol-3-kinaseMacrophage polarizationSystemic lupus erythematosusSLElipopolysaccharideBone marrow-derived macrophagesadipose tissue macrophagesTumor-associated macrophagessignal transducers and activators of transcriptionperipheral blood monocytesMicroRNAactivator protein-1mitogen-activated protein kinasesperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor
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Authors
Dexi Zhou, Cheng Huang, Zhen Lin, Shuxiang Zhan, Lingna Kong, Chengbo Fang, Jun Li,