Effects of functional monomers and photo-initiators on the degree of conversion of a dental adhesive

Besides functional and cross-linking monomers, dental adhesives contain a photo-initiator system for polymerization, thereby providing physico-mechanical strength to the adhesive–tooth interface. Few studies have investigated the effect of the functional monomer and polymerization–initiation system on the polymerization efficiency of the adhesive. Here, we tested the effect of two different functional monomers (MAC-10 vs. SR) and two photo-initiator systems, camphorquinone-amine (CQ) vs. borate (BO), on the degree of conversion (DC) of different adhesive formulations. The DC of the CQ-cured adhesive formulations was significantly affected by the MAC-10 monomer. This should be ascribed to the known inactivation of the amine co-initiator through acid–base reaction. However, the SR monomer did not decrease the DC, which could be attributed to a “gel effect” or the so-called “Trommsdorff–Norrish” phenomenon of enhanced DC with more viscous resins, and to the more favorable availability of CC double bonds. In contrast, the DC of the BO-cured adhesive formulations was not affected by any acidic monomer. It is concluded that the degree of conversion of an adhesive can be affected by the functional monomer, but this depends on the kind of photo-initiator system used. As bond durability depends, among other factors, on the strength and thus degree of conversion of the adhesive, potential interaction between adhesive ingredients and the photo-initiator system definitely needs to be studied further.

Graphical abstractStructure of the two functional monomers MAC-10 and SR and, respectively, a relatively low (high amount of residual CC) and high (low amount of residual CC) conversion degree with CQ as photo-initiator.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (117 K)Download as PowerPoint slide