A highly sensitive and selective immunoassay for the detection of tetrabromobisphenol A in soil and sediment

Tetrabromobisphenol A is the most widely used brominated flame retardant. A sensitive and selective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of tetrabromobisphenol A was developed. The limit of detection and the inhibition half-maximum concentration of tetrabromobisphenol A in phosphate buffered saline with 10% methanol were 0.05 and 0.87 ng mL−1, respectively. Cross-reactivity values of the ELISA with a set of important brominated flame retardants including tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether), 2,2′,6,6′-tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether, hexabromocyclododecane, 1,2-bis(pentabromodiphenyl) ethane, 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy) ethane, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were <0.05%. Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A determined by ELISA in the soils from farmlands, the soils from an e-waste recycling site, and the sediments of a canal were in the range of non-detectable–5.6 ng g−1, 26–104 ng g−1 and 0.3–22 ng g−1 dw, respectively, indicating the ubiquitous pollution of tetrabromobisphenol A. The results of this assay for 16 real world samples agreed well with those of the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method, indicating this ELISA is suitable for screening of tetrabromobisphenol A in environmental matrices.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlight► The developed ELISA is highly sensitive and selective to TBBPA. ► Accuracy of this ELISA for TBBPA in environmental matrices were reasonable. ► TBBPA levels found in environmental samples showed variation. ► ELISA for TBBPA in real samples correlated well with LC–MS/MS method.