Hyphenated analytical techniques for multidimensional characterisation of submicron particles: A review

The stakes concerning the characterisation of particles ranged in the size from 1 to 1000 nm, namely submicron particles, are today more and more important. Because of the variety of particles even inside a given sample in terms of dimension, mass, charge or chemical composition a characterisation as complete as possible is needed. The possibility of obtaining a multidimensional information by relevant analytical methods is then of the greatest interest. One very interesting strategy consists in using hyphenated techniques, which are intrinsically capable to provide rapidly and accurately such information. This paper summarises the different hyphenated techniques that can be used to characterise submicron particles and is focussed on their main applications to illustrate their current and potential uses. In order to have a relevant overview various on-line separation techniques are considered in a comparative way. In the same way various on-line detectors are then presented. Finally the concepts of multidetection and multidimensional analysis are discussed and their interest showed through different typical examples of hyphenated techniques illustrating submicron particle characterisation in fields of applications such as environmental and nanomaterial sciences.