Developments and applications of capillary microextraction techniques: A review

Sample preparation is important for isolating desired components from complex matrices and greatly influences their reliable and accurate analysis. Recent trends in sample preparation include miniaturization, automation, high-throughput performance, and reduction in solvent consumption and operation time. This review focuses on novel microextraction techniques using capillaries for off-line and on-line sample preparation. Open-tubular trapping (OTT), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME), wire-in-tube SPME, fiber-in-tube solid-phase extraction (SPE), sorbent-packed capillary in-tube SPME and monolithic capillary in-tube SPME are critically evaluated and applications of these techniques in biological, pharmaceutical, environmental and food analyses are summarized.