Viability of hydrogen pathways that enhance energy security: A comparison of China and Denmark

•This study quantifies and prioritizes hydrogen pathways for energy security.•Hydrogen pathways in Denmark and China are compared.•Suggestions are proposed for enhancing energy security.

AbstractWhen designed and built properly, hydrogen energy systems can enhance energy security through technological diversification and minimizing dependence on foreign imports of energy fuels. However, hydrogen can be produced from different feedstocks according to separate pathways, and these different pathways create particular consequences on a nation's overall energy security. The objective of this study is to investigate the superiorities and inferiorities of hydrogen pathways from the perspective of China and Denmark, and to determine which pathways best contribute to national energy security objectives. The results are useful for stakeholders and energy analysts so that they can correctly plan and research the most socially optimal portfolio of hydrogen technologies.