Synthesis, crystal structure, and photoluminescence of lanthanide fumarates (Ln = Sm, Eu, Nd, Er)

The complexation of trivalent lanthanides with fumaric acid was studied. Monocrystals of Ln2(C4O4H2)3·8H2O (Ln = Sm, Eu, Nd) and Er2(C4O4H2)3·12H2O were formed during the slow evaporation of appropriate aqueous solutions. The spectroscopic investigations were performed for samarium(III) fumarate, and the crystal structures were solved for the samarium(III) (1), europium(III) (2), neodymium(III) (3), and erbium(III) (4) complexes. It was found that the Nd, Eu, and Sm fumarates were isostructural (space group P1¯), but the Er compound was different (space group P21/c). In the three former crystals, there is one symmetry-independent Ln(III) cation, which adopts a 9-coordinate geometry with six oxygen atoms from the carboxylate groups and three oxygen atoms from water molecules. In the Er(III) complex, the metal ion is eight-coordinated (six atoms from the fumarate carboxyl groups and two water molecules). In all four crystals, 3-dimensional polymeric structures are formed. For Sm(III) fumarate, electronic (absorption and emission) spectra were recorded at room and low temperatures. In the emission spectra at 293 K and 77 K, peaks correspond to four J levels of the 6HJ term (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2, 11/2), and these transitions split at 77 K indicating the low symmetry of the Sm3+ ion. The most intense transition in UV–Vis is the hypersensitive 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 transition, and the I(4G5/2 → 6H9/2)/I(4G5/2 → 6H5/2) (ηSm) ratio was calculated.The nephelauxetic ratio β and Sinha’s parameter σ, calculated on the basis of the absorption spectra, suggested the decrease in the “degree of covalency” of the Sm–O bond from Sm maleate to Sm fumarate.

Graphical abstractThe complexation of trivalent lanthanides with fumaric acid was studied. The spectroscopic investigations were performed and crystal structures were solved for Ln2(C4O4H2)3·8H2O (Ln = Sm, Eu, Nd) and Er2(C4O4H2)3·12H2O. In all four crystals, 3-dimensional polymeric structures are formed. In the emission spectra at 293 K and 77 K, peaks correspond to four J levels of the 6HJ term, and these transitions split at 77 K indicating a low symmetry of the Sm3+ ion. The most intense transition in UV–Vis is the hypersensitive 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 transition, and the I(4G5/2 → 6H9/2)/I(4G5/2 → 6H5/2) (ηSm) ratio was calculated.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide