Lead-cooled system design and challenges in the frame of Generation IV International Forum

This paper provides an overview of the historical development of the LFR, a summary of the advantages and challenges associated with heavy liquid metal coolants, and an update of the current status of development of LFR concepts under consideration. The main characteristics of the SSTAR and ELSY systems are summarized, and the current status of design of each system is presented. Because of the significant recent efforts in the ELSY system design, greater emphasis is placed on the ELSY plant, with focus on the technological development and design provisions intended to overcome or alleviate recognized drawbacks to the use of heavy liquid metal coolants. In the case of the SSTAR system for which development has proceeded more slowly, a more limited summary is provided. It is noted that both systems share many of the same research needs and objectives thus providing a strong basis for international collaboration.