Investigating transcriptional states at single-cell-resolution

Gene expression analysis at single-cell-resolution is a powerful tool for uncovering individual cell differences within heterogeneous cell populations and complex tissues, which can provide invaluable insights into the extent of gene expression variability. Multi-dimensional information of gene expression at the level of the individual cell can help to identify distinct and rare molecular cell ‘states’ within populations and aid in unravelling genetic regulatory circuits. Gene expression analysis at the single-cell-level will also enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of aberrant cell states and disease development and holds great promise for the advancement of personalized medicine. We present approaches that provide large-scale views of gene expression at the level of the individual cell.

Graphical abstract.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (142 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► We discuss the importance and challenges of single-cell transcript profiling methods. ► We present whole-genome single-cell RNA-Seq analysis. ► We describe microfluidic single-cell real-time PCR analysis. ► We present single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. ► We discuss how these approaches can be integrated. ► We comment on the choice of specific techniques.