Examining the energy dependence of symmetry potential in asymmetric nuclear matter

By using the Hugenholtz–Van Hove (HVH) theorem, the symmetry potential in asymmetric nuclear matter is found to be closely related to symmetry energy Esym(ρ)Esym(ρ) and its density slope L(ρ)L(ρ). The energy dependence of symmetry potential at saturation density ρ0ρ0 is extracted by using recent constraints on both Esym(ρ0)Esym(ρ0) and L(ρ0)L(ρ0) from different methods not only in nuclear structures and reactions but also in astrophysics. The extracted symmetry potentials from different methods are found to be generally consistent with each other. By averaging all extracted symmetry potentials, an energy-dependent form of symmetry potential at the saturation density is obtained, which could be useful to calibrate the single-particle potentials in mean-field models of structures and transport models of reactions.