Transverse momentum distributions of final-state particles produced in AA, p(d)A, and pp collisions at high energies

In the framework of the cylinder model, the transverse momentum distributions of final-state particles produced in nucleus–nucleus (AA), proton(deuteron)–nucleus [p(d)A], and proton–proton (pp) collisions at high energies are investigated by a semi-empirical two-component distribution. In the region closing the side-surface of the cylinder, the local source stays in a low excitation state; and in the region closing the central axis of the cylinder, the local source stays in a high excitation state. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data of CuCu collisions at measured by the PHENIX Collaboration, p-Pb collisions at 400 GeV measured by the NA50 Collaboration, d-Au collisions at measured by the PHENIX Collaboration, and pp collisions at measured by the PHENIX and BRAHMS Collaborations.