The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase with δ-(l-α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-methionine reveals thioether coordination to iron

Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) catalyses cyclization of δ-(l-α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV) to isopenicillin N (IPN), the central step in penicillin biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that IPNS turns over a wide range of substrate analogues in which the valine residue of its natural substrate is replaced with other amino acids. IPNS accepts and oxidizes numerous substrates that bear hydrocarbon sidechains in this position, however the enzyme is less tolerant of analogues presenting polar functionality in place of the valinyl isopropyl group. We report a new ACV analogue δ-(l-α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-methionine (ACM), which incorporates a thioether in place of the valinyl sidechain. ACM has been synthesized using solution phase methods and crystallized with IPNS. A crystal structure has been elucidated for the IPNS:Fe(II):ACM complex at 1.40 Å resolution. This structure reveals that ACM binds in the IPNS active site such that the sulfur atom of the methionine thioether binds to iron in the oxygen binding site at a distance of 2.57 Å. The sulfur of the cysteinyl thiolate sits 2.36 Å from the metal.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (75 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Crystal structure of IPNS with a novel substrate analogue incorporating d-methionine. ► Analogue binds to IPNS via cysteinyl thiolate, amino and carboxylate termini. ► Methionine thioether of substrate coordinates to iron in oxygen binding site. ► Helps explain inhibitory effect of analogues incorporating polar side chains in their third amino acid.