Induction of parallel human telomeric G-quadruplex structures by Sr2+

Human telomeric DNA forms G-quadruplex secondary structures, which can inhibit telomerase activity and are targets for anti-cancer drugs. Here we show that Sr2+ can induce human telomeric DNA to form both inter- and intramolecular structures having characteristics consistent with G-quadruplexes. Unlike Na+ or K+, Sr2+ facilitated intermolecular structure formation for oligonucleotides with 2 to 5 5′-d(TTAGGG)-3′ repeats. Longer 5′-d(TTAGGG)-3′ oligonucleotides formed exclusively intramolecular structures. Altering the 5′-d(TTAGGG)-3′ to 5′-d(TTAGAG)-3′ in the 1st, 3rd, or 4th repeats of 5′-d(TTAGGG)4-3′ stabilized the formation of intermolecular structures. However, a more compact, intramolecular structure was still observed when the 2nd repeat was altered. Circular dichroism spectroscopy results suggest that the structures were parallel-stranded, distinguishing them from similar DNA sequences in Na+ and K+. This study shows that Sr2+, promotes parallel-stranded, inter- and intramolecular G-quadruplexes that can serve as models to study DNA substrate recognition by telomerase.