Toxicity of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs, larvae and breeding adults

Letrozole is a synthetic aromatase inhibitor and interferes in the committed step in the synthesis of endogenous estrogens from androgens. To evaluate potential effects on the early life stages of Japanese medaka, larvae and fertilized eggs were exposed to letrozole for 96 h and 14 days, respectively. No larvae died and no adverse effects were found on embryonic development at concentrations up to 3125 μg/L. Reproductive effects were assessed by exposing adults to 1, 5, 25, 125 and 625 μg/L letrozole for 21 days. A dose-dependent decrease in fecundity (> 25 μg/L) and fertility (> 5 μg/L) accompanied by histological changes suggested the inhibition of oocyte growth and possibly maturation. At 625 μg/L, the fish ceased spawning during the last week of exposure. Letrozole (> 5 μg/L) reduced plasma vitellogenin levels in females in a dose-dependent manner. Transgenerational effects were evaluated by removing freshly-laid F1 eggs from letrozole-contaminated water and raising them to 15 days post-hatching in control water. Hatchability and time to hatching were detrimentally affected (> 5 μg/L), but no morphological deformities were observed. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of genotypic F1 males was found (> 5 μg/L).