Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
1989563 | The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry | 2016 | 78 Pages |
Abstract
The mantra that dietary (saturated) fat must be minimized to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has dominated nutritional guidelines for decades. Parallel to decreasing intakes of fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA), there have been increases in carbohydrate and sugar intakes, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The “lipid hypothesis” coined the concept that fat, especially SFA, raises blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and thereby CVD risk. In view of current controversies regarding their adequate intakes and effects, this review aims to summarize research regarding this heterogenic group of fatty acids and the mechanisms relating them to (chronic) systemic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and notably CVD. The intimate relationship between inflammation and metabolism, including glucose, fat and cholesterol metabolism, revealed that the dyslipidemia in Western societies, notably increased triglycerides, “small dense” low-density lipoprotein and “dysfunctional” high-density lipoprotein, is influenced by many unfavorable lifestyle factors. Dietary SFA is only one of these, not necessarily the most important, in healthy, insulin-sensitive people. The environment provides us not only with many other proinflammatory stimuli than SFA but also with many antiinflammatory counterparts. Resolution of the conflict between our self-designed environment and ancient genome may rather rely on returning to the proinflammatory/antiinflammatory balance of the Paleolithic era in consonance with the 21st century culture. Accordingly, dietary guidelines might reconsider recommendations for SFA replacement and investigate diet in a broader context, together with nondietary lifestyle factors. This should be a clear priority, opposed to the reductionist approach of studying the effects of single nutrients, such as SFA.
Keywords
SCFAHDL-CCLATLRMCFAAHALBPHPGHDLSFAGPRMUFARCTLDL-CVLDLDNLLPSDM2LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding proteinEPANAFLDG-protein-coupled receptorhigh-density lipoproteinNFκBRandomized controlled trialde novo lipogenesisnonalcoholic steatohepatitisEicosapentaenoic aciddocosahexaenoic acidLinoleic acidconjugated linoleic acidPolyunsaturated fatty acidsPUFAFatty acidssaturated fatty acidsmonounsaturated fatty acidsMedium-chain fatty acidsShort-chain fatty acidsAmerican Heart AssociationGlycemic loadChocoronary artery diseasecardiovascular diseaseNonalcoholic fatty liver diseasetriglycerideToll-like receptorImmune systemDHAType 2 diabetes mellitusCVDGlycemic indexnuclear factor kappa Bvery low-density lipoproteinLow-density lipoproteinLDLlipopolysaccharideMESAMetabolismMulti-Ethnic Study of AtherosclerosisHPANash hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenalC-reactive proteinCRPsaturated fatCarbohydratescholesteroltotal cholesterolHigh-density lipoprotein-cholesterolLow-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
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Authors
Begoña Ruiz-Núñez, D.A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, Frits A.J. Muskiet,