Design, synthesis, cytocidal activity and estrogen receptor α affinity of doxorubicin conjugates at 16α-position of estrogen for site-specific treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an important medicine for the treatment of breast cancer, which is the most frequently diagnosed and the most lethal cancer in women worldwide. However, the clinical use of DOX is impeded by serious toxic effects such as cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Covalently linking DOX to estrogen to selectively deliver the drug to estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancer tissues is one of the strategies under investigation for improving the efficacy and decreasing the cardiac toxicity of DOX. However, conjugation of drug performed until now was at 3- or 17-position of estrogen, which is not ideal since the hydroxyl groups at this position are important for receptor binding affinity. In this study, we designed, prepared and evaluated in vitro the first estrogen–doxorubicin conjugates at 16α-position of estradiol termed E-DOXs (8a–d). DOX was conjugated using a 3–9 carbon atoms alkylamide linking arm. E-DOXs were prepared from estrone using a seven-step procedure to afford the desired conjugates in low to moderate yields. The antiproliferative activities of the E-DOX 8a conjugate through a 3-carbon spacer chain on ER+ MCF7 and HT-29 are in the micromolar range while inactive on M21 and the ER− MDA-MB-231 cells (>50 μM). Compound 8a exhibits a selectivity ratio (ER+/ER− cell lines) of >3.5. Compounds 8b–8d bearing alkylamide linking arms ranging from 5 to 9 carbon atoms were inactive at the concentrations tested (>50 μM). Interestingly, compounds 8a–8c exhibited affinity for the estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the nanomolar range (72–100 nM) whereas compound 8d exhibited no affinity at concentrations up to 215 nM. These results indicate that a short alkylamide spacer is required to maintain both antiproliferative activity toward ER+ MCF7 and affinity for the ERα of the E-DOX conjugates. Compound 8a is potentially a promising conjugate to target ER+ breast cancer and might be useful also for the design of more potent E-DOX conjugates.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► First reported doxorubicin conjugates at 16α-position of estrogen. ► E-DOX 8a is active in the micromolar range on HT-29 and MCF7 cell lines. ► E-DOX 8a exhibiting selectivity ratio (ER+/ER− cell lines) > 3.5-fold. ► The affinity of E-DOX 8a–8c are in the hundred nanomolar range. ► E-DOX 8a is a potential conjugates to target ER+ breast cancers.