Cardiorenal Consideration as a Risk Factor for Heart Failure

Cardiovascular disease-related factors are responsible for about 50% of the mortality in patients with both chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Therefore, it is not surprising that 30%-50% of patients with congestive heart failure also have an impaired glomerular filtration rate. This signifies a co-dependence between the kidneys and the heart. The role of anemia, microalbuminuria, calcium, and phosphorus imbalance in this cardiorenal interdependence is discussed in this article.