Naturally Occurring Human Genetic Variation in the 3′-Untranslated Region of the Secretory Protein Chromogranin A Is Associated With Autonomic Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension in a Sex-Dependent Fashion

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine whether the common variation at the chromogranin A (CHGA) locus increases susceptibility to hypertension.BackgroundCHGA regulates catecholamine storage and release. Previously we systematically identified genetic variants across CHGA.MethodsWe carried out dense genotyping across the CHGA locus in >1,000 individuals with the most extreme blood pressures (BPs) in the population, as well as twin pairs with autonomic phenotypes. We also characterized the function of a trait-associated 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) variant with transfected CHGA 3′-UTR/luciferase reporter plasmids.ResultsCHGA was overexpressed in patients with hypertension, especially hypertensive men, and CHGA predicted catecholamines. In individuals with extreme BPs, CHGA genetic variants predicted BP, especially in men, with a peak association occurring in the 3′-UTR at C+87T, accounting for up to ∼12/∼9 mm Hg. The C+87T genotype predicted CHGA secretion in vivo, with the +87T allele (associated with lower BP) also diminishing plasma CHGA by ∼10%. The C+87T 3′-UTR variant also predicted the BP response to environmental (cold) stress; the same allele (+87T) that diminished basal BP in the population also decreased the systolic BP response to stress by ∼12 mm Hg, and the response was smaller in women (by ∼6 mm Hg). In a chromaffin cell-transfected CHGA 3′-UTR/luciferase reporter plasmid, the +87T allele associated with lower BP also decreased reporter expression by ∼30%. In cultured chromaffin cells, reducing endogenous CHGA expression by small interfering ribonucleic acid caused approximately two-thirds depletion of catecholamine storage vesicles.ConclusionsCommon variant C+87T in the CHGA 3′-UTR is a functional polymorphism causally associated with hypertension especially in men of the population, and we propose steps (“intermediate phenotypes”) whereby in a sex-dependent fashion this genetic variant influences the ultimate disease trait. These observations suggest new molecular strategies to probe the pathophysiology, risk, and rational treatment of hypertension.